1. Stock: A share in the ownership of a company.
  2. Share: A unit of ownership in a company.
  3. Equity: The value of an ownership interest in a company.
  4. Dividend: A payment made by a company to its shareholders.
  5. IPO (Initial Public Offering): The first sale of a company’s stock to the public.
  6. Bull Market: A market characterized by rising stock prices.
  7. Bear Market: A market characterized by falling stock prices.
  8. Market Capitalization: The total value of a company’s outstanding shares.
  9. Volume: The number of shares traded in a security or market during a given period.
  10. Liquidity: The ease with which an asset can be converted into cash without affecting its price.
  11. Market Order: An order to buy or sell a security at the best available price.
  12. Limit Order: An order to buy or sell a security at a specified price or better.
  13. Stop Order: An order to buy or sell a security once the price reaches a certain level.
  14. Bid: The price at which a buyer is willing to purchase a security.
  15. Ask: The price at which a seller is willing to sell a security.
  16. Spread: The difference between the bid and ask prices of a security.
  17. Broker: A person or firm that buys and sells securities on behalf of others.
  18. Commission: A fee paid to a broker for executing a trade.
  19. Exchange: A marketplace where securities are bought and sold.
  20. NYSE (New York Stock Exchange): The largest stock exchange in the world by market capitalization.
  21. NASDAQ: A global electronic marketplace for buying and selling securities.
  22. AMEX (American Stock Exchange): A stock exchange in the United States.
  23. Index: A measure of the performance of a group of stocks.
  24. Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA): A price-weighted average of 30 significant stocks traded on the NYSE and NASDAQ.
  25. S&P 500: A market-capitalization-weighted index of 500 of the largest publicly traded companies in the U.S.
  26. NASDAQ Composite: An index of more than 2,500 common equities listed on the NASDAQ stock market.
  27. Blue Chip Stocks: Stocks of large, well-established companies with a history of reliable performance.
  28. Penny Stocks: Stocks with a low share price, typically traded over-the-counter.
  29. Growth Stocks: Stocks of companies that are expected to grow at an above-average rate.
  30. Value Stocks: Stocks of companies that are considered undervalued by the market.
  31. Market Maker: A firm that provides liquidity to a market by quoting both buy and sell prices for a security.
  32. Market Analyst: A person who analyzes financial markets and securities.
  33. Stock Exchange: A marketplace where securities are bought and sold.
  34. Listed Company: A company whose shares are traded on a stock exchange.
  35. Unlisted Company: A company whose shares are not traded on a stock exchange.
  36. Volatility: A measure of the fluctuation of a financial instrument’s price over time.
  37. Beta: A measure of a stock’s volatility in relation to the overall market.
  38. P/E Ratio (Price-to-Earnings Ratio): A measure of a company’s current share price relative to its per-share earnings.
  39. EPS (Earnings Per Share): The portion of a company’s profit allocated to each outstanding share of common stock.
  40. Yield: The income return on an investment.
  41. Market Trend: The general direction in which a market is moving.
  42. Sector: A group of stocks that are in the same industry or business sector.
  43. Industry: A group of companies that produce similar products or services.
  44. ETF (Exchange-Traded Fund): A type of investment fund and exchange-traded product.
  45. Mutual Fund: A professionally managed investment fund that pools money from many investors to purchase securities.
  46. Hedge Fund: An investment fund that pools capital from accredited individuals or institutional investors.
  47. Futures: Financial contracts obligating the buyer to purchase an asset or the seller to sell an asset at a predetermined future date and price.
  48. Options: Financial derivatives that give the buyer the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell an underlying asset at a predetermined price.
  49. Short Selling: The sale of a security that is not owned by the seller or that the seller has borrowed.
  50. Long Position: The buying of a security such as a stock, commodity, or currency with the expectation that the asset will rise in value.
  51. Short Position: The sale of a borrowed security, commodity, or currency with the expectation that the asset will fall in value.
  52. Margin: The amount of money required to open or maintain a leveraged position in a financial instrument.
  53. Margin Call: A demand by a broker that an investor deposit further cash or securities to cover possible losses.
  54. Blue Sky Laws: State regulations that require companies making securities offerings to register them before selling to investors.
  55. Day Trading: The practice of buying and selling financial instruments within the same trading day.
  56. Swing Trading: A style of trading that attempts to capture short- to medium-term gains in a stock.
  57. High-Frequency Trading (HFT): A type of algorithmic trading characterized by high speeds, high turnover rates, and high order-to-trade ratios.
  58. Algorithmic Trading: A method of executing orders using automated pre-programmed trading instructions.
  59. Technical Analysis: A method of evaluating securities by analyzing statistics generated by market activity.
  60. Fundamental Analysis: A method of evaluating a security in an attempt to measure its intrinsic value.
  61. Candlestick Chart: A style of financial chart used to describe price movements of a security, derivative, or currency.
  62. Moving Average: A widely used indicator in technical analysis that helps smooth out price action by filtering out the “noise” from random price fluctuations.
  63. Support Level: A price level where a downtrend can be expected to pause due to a concentration of demand.
  64. Resistance Level: A price level where a rising price can find resistance and may have difficulty moving higher.
  65. Bullish: A positive outlook on a particular security or the market as a whole.
  66. Bearish: A negative outlook on a particular security or the market as a whole.
  67. Rally: A period of sustained increases in the prices of stocks, bonds, or indexes.
  68. Correction: A reverse movement, usually negative, of at least 10% in a stock, bond, commodity, or index.
  69. Market Crash: A sudden and significant decline in the value of a market.
  70. Circuit Breaker: A mechanism to halt trading on a stock exchange in an effort to prevent stock prices from falling too far too fast.
  71. Insider Trading: The buying or selling of a security by someone who has access to material, nonpublic information about the security.
  72. Public Offering: The sale of equity shares or other financial instruments by an organization to the public.
  73. Private Placement: The sale of securities to a small number of private investors.
  74. Prospectus: A formal legal document that is required by and filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).
  75. Shareholder: An individual or institution that owns one or more shares of stock in a company.
  76. Board of Directors: A group of individuals elected to represent shareholders and establish corporate policies.
  77. Corporate Governance: The system of rules, practices, and processes by which a company is directed and controlled.
  78. Dividend Yield: A financial ratio that shows how much a company pays out in dividends each year relative to its stock price.
  79. Dividend Payout Ratio: The percentage of earnings paid to shareholders in dividends.
  80. Dividend Reinvestment Plan (DRIP): A plan that allows shareholders to automatically reinvest their cash dividends.
  81. Stock Split: The division of a company’s existing shares into multiple shares.
  82. Reverse Stock Split: The reduction of a company’s outstanding shares.
  83. Merger: The combining of two or more companies into a single company.
  84. Acquisition: The purchase of one company by another.
  85. Spinoff: The creation of an independent company through the sale or distribution of new shares of an existing business or division of a parent company.
  86. Takeover: The acquisition of control over a corporation through the purchase of a substantial number of the voting shares of the corporation.
  87. Poison Pill: A defensive strategy used by a target company to prevent or discourage a hostile takeover.
  88. Golden Parachute: A clause in an employment contract that provides a large financial payout to an executive upon termination.
  89. Proxy: A person authorized to act on behalf of another person.
  90. Proxy Statement: A document that the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) requires a company to provide to shareholders.
  91. Voluntary Corporate Action: A decision made by a company that affects its shareholders, such as a stock split or a dividend payment.
  92. Involuntary Corporate Action: A decision made by a company that affects its shareholders without their consent, such as a merger or acquisition.
  93. Market Sentiment: The overall feeling or mood of investors toward a particular security or financial market.
  94. 52-Week High: The highest price at which a stock has traded during the previous 52 weeks.
  95. 52-Week Low: The lowest price at which a stock has traded during the previous 52 weeks.
  96. Market Maker: A firm that provides liquidity to a market by quoting both buy and sell prices for a security.
  97. Liquidity Provider: A firm or individual that stands ready to buy or sell a security in large quantities at publicly quoted prices.
  98. Secondary Offering: The sale of new or closely held shares of a company that has already made an initial public offering (IPO).
  99. Insider Ownership: The percentage of a company’s shares that are owned by insiders, such as executives and directors.
  100. Share Repurchase: The buying back of a company’s own shares by the company.
  101. Bank: A financial institution that accepts deposits from the public and creates credit.
  102. Commercial Bank: A bank that offers services to businesses and individuals.
  103. Investment Bank: A financial institution that assists individuals, corporations, and governments in raising financial capital by underwriting or acting as the client’s agent in the issuance of securities.
  104. Retail Bank: A bank that offers services to individual customers rather than businesses or corporations.
  105. Central Bank: A financial institution that manages a country’s currency, money supply, and interest rates.
  106. Federal Reserve: The central banking system of the United States.
  107. Interest Rate: The amount charged, expressed as a percentage of principal, by a lender to a borrower for the use of assets.
  108. Prime Rate: The interest rate that commercial banks charge their most creditworthy customers.
  109. Federal Funds Rate: The interest rate at which depository institutions lend reserve balances to other depository institutions overnight on an uncollateralized basis.
  110. LIBOR (London Interbank Offered Rate): The benchmark interest rate at which major global banks lend to one another in the international interbank market for short-term loans.
  111. Mortgage: A loan used to purchase real estate.
  112. Loan: A sum of money that is borrowed and is expected to be paid back with interest.
  113. Credit: The ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that payment will be made in the future.
  114. Credit Score: A numerical expression based on a level analysis of a person’s credit files.
  115. Collateral: Property or other assets that a borrower offers as a way for a lender to secure the loan.
  116. Secured Loan: A loan that is backed by collateral.
  117. Unsecured Loan: A loan that is not backed by collateral.
  118. Mortgage Rate: The interest rate charged on a mortgage.
  119. APR (Annual Percentage Rate): The annual rate charged for borrowing or earned through an investment, expressed as a single percentage number.
  120. Credit Card: A card that allows its holder to buy goods and services based on the holder’s promise to pay for these goods and services later.
  121. Debit Card: A card that deducts money directly from a consumer’s checking account to pay for a purchase.
  122. ATM (Automated Teller Machine): An electronic banking outlet that allows customers to complete basic transactions without the aid of a branch representative or teller.
  123. Checking Account: A bank account that allows deposits and withdrawals.
  124. Savings Account: A bank account that earns interest.
  125. Certificate of Deposit (CD): A time deposit that pays a fixed interest rate for a specified term.
  126. Overdraft: A deficit in a bank account caused by drawing more money than the account holds.
  127. Overdraft Protection: A service that allows an account holder to temporarily make transactions that exceed the account balance.
  128. Wire Transfer: A method of electronically transferring funds from one person or entity to another.
  129. SWIFT (Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication): A messaging network that financial institutions use to securely transmit information and instructions.
  130. ACH (Automated Clearing House): An electronic network for financial transactions in the United States.
  131. NEFT (National Electronic Funds Transfer): A nation-wide payment system facilitating one-to-one funds transfer.
  132. RTGS (Real Time Gross Settlement): A funds transfer system where transfer of money or securities takes place from one bank to another on a “real time” and on a “gross” basis.
  133. FDIC (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation): A U.S. government corporation providing deposit insurance to depositors in U.S. commercial banks and savings institutions.
  134. Bankruptcy: A legal process through which people or other entities who cannot repay debts to creditors may seek relief from some or all of their debts.
  135. Foreclosure: The legal process by which a lender attempts to recover the balance of a loan from a borrower who has stopped making payments.
  136. Reconciliation: The process of comparing two sets of records to ensure they are in agreement.
  137. Bank Statement: A summary of financial transactions that have occurred over a given period on a bank account held by a person or business.
  138. ATM Fee: A fee charged for using an ATM that does not belong to your bank.
  139. Banker’s Draft: A check drawn by a bank on its own funds and signed by one of its officials.
  140. Bank Guarantee: A promise from a bank that a borrower will meet its obligations.
  141. Bank Run: A situation in which a large number of customers of a bank or other financial institution withdraw their deposits simultaneously.
  142. Chargeback: A transaction reversal made to dispute a card transaction.
  143. Collateral: An asset that a lender accepts as security for a loan.
  144. Consumer Credit: Credit that is granted to individuals for personal use.
  145. Consumer Loan: A loan granted to consumers for personal, family, or household purposes.
  146. Credit Bureau: An agency that collects and maintains individual credit information.
  147. Credit Limit: The maximum amount of credit that a financial institution extends to a client.
  148. Credit Risk: The risk of default on a debt that may arise from a borrower failing to make required payments.
  149. Credit Union: A member-owned financial cooperative that is created and operated by its members.
  150. Debt: Something, typically money, that is owed or due.
  151. Default: Failure to fulfill an obligation, especially to repay a loan or appear in a court of law.
  152. Deposit: A sum of money placed or kept in a bank account, usually to gain interest.
  153. Direct Debit: A financial transaction in which one person withdraws funds from another person’s bank account.
  154. Down Payment: A type of payment made in cash during the onset of the purchase of an expensive good or service.
  155. EMI (Equated Monthly Installment): A fixed payment amount made by a borrower to a lender at a specified date each calendar month.
  156. Financial Institution: An entity that provides financial services, such as accepting deposits, giving loans, and currency exchange.
  157. Fixed Deposit: A financial instrument provided by banks that provides investors with a higher rate of interest than a regular savings account.
  158. Forbearance: The act of refraining from exercising a legal right.
  159. Garnishment: A legal process whereby payments towards a debt owed by a debtor are paid to a creditor.
  160. Interest: The charge for the privilege of borrowing money, typically expressed as an annual percentage rate.
  161. Lender: An individual, public or private group, or financial institution that makes funds available to another with the expectation that the funds will be repaid.
  162. Mortgage Broker: A middleman between a homebuyer and mortgage lenders.
  163. NPA (Non-Performing Asset): A loan or advance for which the principal or interest payment remained overdue for a period of 90 days.
  164. Payee: A person to whom money is paid or is to be paid, especially the person to whom a check is made payable.
  165. Payer: A person who pays or is responsible for paying an amount of money.
  166. Personal Loan: A loan that establishes consumer credit that is granted for personal use.
  167. Principal: The amount of money borrowed in a loan, or put into an investment.
  168. Refinance: The process of replacing an existing loan with a new loan.
  169. Risk Management: The identification, assessment, and prioritization of risks followed by coordinated and economical application of resources to minimize, monitor, and control the probability or impact of unfortunate events.
  170. Securitization: The process of taking an illiquid asset, or group of assets, and through financial engineering, transforming it (or them) into a security.
  171. Standing Order: An instruction to a bank to pay a fixed amount of money to someone regularly.
  172. Subprime Mortgage: A type of mortgage that is normally made out to borrowers with lower credit ratings.
  173. Surety: A promise to pay a debt or perform a duty if another party fails to do so.
  174. Term Loan: A loan from a bank for a specific amount that has a specified repayment schedule and a fixed or floating interest rate.
  175. Transaction Fee: A fee charged by a credit card company or merchant for processing a transaction.
  176. Underwriting: The process by which an individual or institution takes on financial risk for a fee.
  177. Variable Rate: An interest rate that changes periodically in relation to an index.
  178. Working Capital: The capital of a business that is used in its day-to-day trading operations.
  179. Zero Balance Account: A checking account in which a balance of zero is maintained by automatically transferring funds from a master account in an amount only large enough to cover checks presented.
  180. Basel III: A comprehensive set of reform measures designed to improve the regulation, supervision, and risk management within the banking sector.
  181. Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR): A measure of a bank’s capital.
  182. Asset: Anything of value that is owned by an individual or corporation.
  183. Liability: An obligation that legally binds an individual or company to settle a debt.
  184. Capital: Wealth in the form of money or assets owned by a person or organization.
  185. Reserve: Funds that are set aside to cover future liabilities.
  186. Treasury: The funds or revenue of a government, corporation, or institution.
  187. Clearing House: A financial institution formed to facilitate the exchange (i.e., clearance) of payments, securities, or derivatives transactions.
  188. Loan Officer: A representative of a bank or other financial institution who assists borrowers in the application process.
  189. Mortgage Lender: A financial institution that lends money to borrowers for the purchase of real estate.
  190. Prime Borrower: A borrower with a strong credit history who is considered less risky to lend to.
  191. Subprime Borrower: A borrower with a poor credit history who is considered more risky to lend to.
  192. Origination Fee: A fee charged by a lender on entering into a loan agreement to cover the cost of processing the loan.
  193. Mortgage Insurance: An insurance policy that protects a mortgage lender or titleholder if the borrower defaults on payments, dies, or is otherwise unable to meet the contractual obligations of the mortgage.
  194. Home Equity: The value of ownership built up in a home or property that represents the current market value of the house less any remaining mortgage payments.
  195. Equity Loan: A loan based on the equity in the borrower’s home.
  196. Revolving Credit: A line of credit that allows borrowers to borrow money up to a certain limit without having to specify what the money will be used for.
  197. Debit: An entry recording a sum owed, listed on the left-hand side or column of an account.
  198. Overdraft: A deficit in a bank account caused by drawing more money than the account holds.
  199. Escrow Account: A financial arrangement where a third party holds and regulates payment of the funds required for two parties involved in a given transaction.
  200. Joint Account: A bank account held by two or more individuals.
  201. Blue Chip Company: A large, well-established company with a history of stable earnings and dividends.
  202. Penny Stock: A low-priced, speculative stock typically traded over-the-counter.
  203. Market Maker: A firm that provides liquidity to a market by quoting both buy and sell prices for a security.
  204. Market Sentiment: The overall feeling or mood of investors toward a particular security or financial market.
  205. Circuit Breaker: A mechanism to halt trading on a stock exchange in an effort to prevent stock prices from falling too far too fast.
  206. Market Index: A measure of the performance of a group of stocks.
  207. Market Order: An order to buy or sell a security at the best available price.
  208. Stop-Loss Order: An order to buy or sell a security once the price reaches a certain level.
  209. Market Cap (Market Capitalization): The total value of a company’s outstanding shares.
  210. Treasury Stock: Shares of a company’s own stock that it has reacquired.
  211. Shareholder Equity: The value of a company’s assets minus its liabilities, also known as net assets or book value.
  212. Annual Report: A comprehensive report on a company’s activities throughout the preceding year.
  213. Quarterly Report: A summary of a company’s financial performance for the most recent quarter.
  214. Dividend Date: The date on which a company’s board of directors announces an upcoming dividend payment.
  215. Dividend Yield: A financial ratio that shows how much a company pays out in dividends each year relative to its stock price.
  216. Dividend Per Share (DPS): The total dividends paid out by a company to its shareholders over a specific period divided by the number of outstanding shares.
  217. Dividend Declaration Date: The date on which a company’s board of directors announces an upcoming dividend payment.
  218. Dividend Record Date: The date on which a shareholder must be on the company’s books to receive a dividend.
  219. Dividend Payable Date: The date on which a company distributes dividends to its shareholders.
  220. Return on Investment (ROI): A measure of the profitability of an investment.
  221. Capital Gain: The profit made from the sale of securities or other assets.
  222. Initial Margin: The amount of equity required to open a position.
  223. Maintenance Margin: The minimum amount of equity required to keep a position open.
  224. Margin Account: An account that allows investors to borrow money to purchase securities.
  225. Margin Call: A demand by a broker that an investor deposit further cash or securities to cover possible losses.
  226. Leveraged Buyout (LBO): A transaction in which a company is acquired using a significant amount of borrowed money to meet the cost of acquisition.
  227. Stock Option: A financial instrument that gives the holder the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell a stock at a predetermined price.
  228. Call Option: A financial contract that gives the buyer the right, but not the obligation, to purchase an asset at a predetermined price within a specified period.
  229. Put Option: A financial contract that gives the buyer the right, but not the obligation, to sell an asset at a predetermined price within a specified period.
  230. Intrinsic Value: The actual value of a company or an asset based on an underlying perception of its true value.
  231. Time Value: The additional amount of value an option has over its intrinsic value.
  232. Volatility Index (VIX): A measure of the market’s expectation of volatility implied by S&P 500 index options.
  233. Dark Pool: A private forum for trading securities that are not accessible by the investing public.
  234. Market Depth: The ability of a security to absorb buy and sell orders without the price dramatically moving.
  235. Market Manipulation: Illegal conduct intended to artificially inflate or deflate the price of a security.
  236. Stock Split: An action by a company that increases the number of shares outstanding while simultaneously reducing the price per share.
  237. Reverse Stock Split: An action by a company that reduces the number of shares outstanding while increasing the price per share.
  238. Dividend Aristocrat: A company that has consistently increased its dividend payments over a number of years.
  239. Dividend Growth Rate: The annualized percentage rate of growth that a particular stock’s dividend undergoes over a period of time.
  240. Dividend Policy: A company’s approach to paying dividends to its shareholders.
  241. Sector Rotation: A strategy employed by investors involving the movement of investment capital from one sector of the economy to another in an attempt to beat the market.
  242. Quantitative Easing (QE): A monetary policy in which a central bank purchases government securities or other securities from the market in order to lower interest rates and increase the money supply.
  243. Tight Monetary Policy: A monetary policy that involves raising interest rates to curb inflation.
  244. Loose Monetary Policy: A monetary policy that involves lowering interest rates to stimulate economic growth.
  245. Yield Curve: A graphical representation of the relationship between the interest rates and the time to maturity of debt for a given borrower in a given currency.
  246. Economic Indicator: A statistic about the economy that provides insight into its performance and future prospects.
  247. Consumer Price Index (CPI): A measure of the average change over time in the prices paid by urban consumers for a market basket of consumer goods and services.
  248. Producer Price Index (PPI): A family of indexes that measures the average change in selling prices received by domestic producers of goods and services over time.
  249. Gross Domestic Product (GDP): A monetary measure of the market value of all the final goods and services produced in a specific time period.
  250. Unemployment Rate: The percentage of the total labor force that is unemployed but actively seeking employment and willing to work.
  251. Inflation Rate: The percentage change in the general price level of goods and services over a period of time.
  252. Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC): A branch of the Federal Reserve System that is responsible for overseeing the nation’s open market operations.
  253. Quantitative Tightening (QT): A contractionary monetary policy applied by a central bank to decrease the amount of liquidity within the economy.
  254. Ticker Symbol: A unique series of letters assigned to a security for trading purposes.
  255. Market Hours: The hours during which stock markets are open for trading.
  256. After-Hours Trading: The buying and selling of securities after the regular trading hours of major exchanges.
  257. Pre-Market Trading: The buying and selling of securities before the regular trading hours of major exchanges.
  258. Stock Exchange: A marketplace where securities are bought and sold.
  259. Clearing House: An intermediary between buyers and sellers of financial instruments.
  260. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC): A U.S. government agency that regulates the securities industry, including the stock and options exchanges.
  261. Insider Trading: The buying or selling of a security by someone who has access to material, nonpublic information about the security.
  262. Short Selling: The sale of a security that is not owned by the seller or that the seller has borrowed.
  263. Bid-Ask Spread: The difference between the highest price that a buyer is willing to pay for a security and the lowest price that a seller is willing to accept.
  264. Price-Earnings Ratio (P/E Ratio): A measure of a company’s current share price relative to its per-share earnings.
  265. Book Value: The total value of a company’s assets that shareholders would theoretically receive if a company were liquidated.
  266. Earnings Per Share (EPS): The portion of a company’s profit allocated to each outstanding share of common stock.
  267. Return on Equity (ROE): A measure of a company’s profitability that calculates how much profit a company generates with the money shareholders have invested.
  268. Return on Assets (ROA): A measure of how profitable a company is relative to its total assets.
  269. Beta: A measure of a stock’s volatility in relation to the overall market.
  270. Alpha: A measure of the active return on an investment, the performance of that investment compared with a suitable market index.
  271. Standard Deviation: A measure of the dispersion of a set of data points from its mean.
  272. Market Order: An order to buy or sell a security at the best available price.
  273. Limit Order: An order to buy or sell a security at a specified price or better.
  274. Stop Order: An order to buy or sell a security once the price reaches a certain level.
  275. Fill or Kill (FOK): An order that must be executed immediately in its entirety or not at all.
  276. Immediate or Cancel (IOC): An order that must be executed immediately in part or in its entirety; any portion not filled immediately is canceled.
  277. Good ‘Til Canceled (GTC): An order to buy or sell a security that remains active until it is either executed or canceled.
  278. Day Order: An order to buy or sell a security that automatically expires if not executed on the day the order was placed.
  279. All or None (AON): An order that must be executed in its entirety or not at all.
  280. Market Maker: A firm that provides liquidity to a market by quoting both buy and sell prices for a security.
  281. Hedge Fund: An investment fund that pools capital from accredited individuals or institutional investors.
  282. Mutual Fund: A professionally managed investment fund that pools money from many investors to purchase securities.
  283. Exchange-Traded Fund (ETF): A type of investment fund and exchange-traded product.
  284. Diversification: A risk management technique that mixes a wide variety of investments within a portfolio.
  285. Asset Allocation: The practice of spreading investments across various asset classes to balance risk and return.
  286. Portfolio: A collection of financial investments like stocks, bonds, commodities, and cash equivalents.
  287. Portfolio Manager: An individual or team responsible for making investment decisions and carrying out investment activities on behalf of investors.
  288. Fund Manager: A person responsible for investing and managing a mutual fund or exchange-traded fund.
  289. Fundamental Analysis: A method of evaluating a security in an attempt to measure its intrinsic value.
  290. Technical Analysis: A method of evaluating securities by analyzing statistics generated by market activity.
  291. Moving Average: A widely used indicator in technical analysis that helps smooth out price action by filtering out the “noise” from random price fluctuations.
  292. Bollinger Bands: A technical analysis tool that measures volatility by plotting two standard deviations away from a simple moving average.
  293. Relative Strength Index (RSI): A momentum oscillator that measures the speed and change of price movements.
  294. Stochastic Oscillator: A momentum indicator that compares a particular closing price of a security to its price range over a predetermined period.
  295. MACD (Moving Average Convergence Divergence): A trend-following momentum indicator that shows the relationship between two moving averages of a security’s price.
  296. Fibonacci Retracement: A technical analysis tool that uses horizontal lines to indicate areas of support or resistance at the key Fibonacci levels before the price continues in the original direction.
  297. Head and Shoulders Pattern: A technical analysis pattern that indicates a reversal in the market.
  298. Candlestick Pattern: A chart pattern used in technical analysis to predict future price movements.
  299. Bearish Engulfing Pattern: A two-candlestick pattern that suggests a potential reversal of a bullish trend to a bearish trend.
  300. Bullish Engulfing Pattern: A two-candlestick pattern that suggests a potential reversal of a bearish trend to a bullish trend.
  301. Hammer: A bullish reversal candlestick pattern that forms at the end of a downtrend.
  302. Hanging Man: A bearish reversal candlestick pattern that forms at the end of an uptrend.
  303. Morning Star: A bullish reversal candlestick pattern that consists of three candles.
  304. Evening Star: A bearish reversal candlestick pattern that consists of three candles.
  305. Doji: A candlestick pattern that indicates indecision in the market.
  306. Gap Up: A situation where the price of a stock opens significantly higher than the previous day’s closing price.
  307. Gap Down: A situation where the price of a stock opens significantly lower than the previous day’s closing price.
  308. Support Level: A price level where a downtrend can be expected to pause due to a concentration of demand.
  309. Resistance Level: A price level where a rising price can find resistance and may have difficulty moving higher.
  310. Breakout: A price movement through an identified level of support or resistance.
  311. Trend Line: A line drawn on a price chart that connects two or more price points.
  312. Moving Average Convergence Divergence (MACD): A trend-following momentum indicator that shows the relationship between two moving averages of a security’s price.
  313. Market Capitalization: The total value of a company’s outstanding shares of stock.
  314. Dow Theory: A theory that says the market is in an upward trend if one of its averages (industrial or transportation) advances above a previous important high and is accompanied or followed by a similar advance in the other.
  315. Elliott Wave Theory: A theory that prices move in specific patterns.
  316. Financial Ratios: A ratio between two financial variables.
  317. Debt-to-Equity Ratio: A measure of a company’s financial leverage.
  318. Price-to-Earnings Ratio (P/E Ratio): A ratio for valuing a company that measures its current share price relative to its per-share earnings.
  319. Price-to-Book Ratio (P/B Ratio): A financial ratio used to compare a company’s book value to its current market price.
  320. Price-to-Sales Ratio (P/S Ratio): A valuation ratio that compares a company’s stock price to its revenues.
  321. Earnings Yield: A measure of a company’s earnings in relation to its stock price.
  322. Dividend Yield: A financial ratio that shows how much a company pays out in dividends each year relative to its stock price.
  323. Return on Equity (ROE): A measure of a company’s profitability that calculates how much profit a company generates with the money shareholders have invested.
  324. Return on Assets (ROA): A measure of how profitable a company is relative to its total assets.
  325. Beta: A measure of a stock’s volatility in relation to the overall market.
  326. Alpha: A measure of the active return on an investment, the performance of that investment compared with a suitable market index.
  327. Standard Deviation: A measure of the dispersion of a set of data points from its mean.
  328. Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM): A model that describes the relationship between systematic risk and expected return for assets.
  329. Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH): A theory that states that asset prices reflect all available information.
  330. Random Walk Theory: A theory that stock price changes have the same distribution and are independent of each other.
  331. Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT): A theory of investment that attempts to maximize portfolio expected return for a given amount of portfolio risk.
  332. Arbitrage: The simultaneous purchase and sale of an asset to profit from a difference in the price.
  333. Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM): A model that describes the relationship between systematic risk and expected return for assets.
  334. Sharpe Ratio: A measure for calculating risk-adjusted return.
  335. Treynor Ratio: A measure of the returns earned in excess of that which could have been earned on a risk-free investment per each unit of market risk.
  336. Sortino Ratio: A variation of the Sharpe ratio that differentiates harmful volatility from total overall volatility by using the asset’s standard deviation of negative asset returns.
  337. Jensen’s Alpha: A risk-adjusted performance measure that represents the average return on a portfolio or investment that exceeds the predicted return given by the capital asset pricing model (CAPM).
  338. Fama-French Three-Factor Model: A model that expands on the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) to include size risk and value risk.
  339. Black-Scholes Model: A mathematical model used for pricing options contracts.
  340. Option Greeks: A set of risk measures used in options trading.
  341. Delta: A measure of the rate of change of an option’s price with respect to a change in the price of the underlying asset.
  342. Gamma: A measure of how fast the delta of an option changes as the underlying price changes.
  343. Theta: A measure of the option’s sensitivity to time decay.
  344. Vega: A measure of the option’s sensitivity to changes in the volatility of the underlying asset.
  345. Rho: A measure of the option’s sensitivity to changes in interest rates.
  346. Covered Call: A strategy in which an investor holds a long position in an asset and writes (sells) call options on that same asset.
  347. Naked Call: The sale of a call option without owning the underlying asset.
  348. Covered Put: A strategy in which an investor holds a short position in an asset and writes (sells) put options on that same asset.
  349. Naked Put: The sale of a put option without holding the underlying asset.
  350. Bull Call Spread: A bullish options strategy that involves buying call options at a specific strike price while also selling the same number of calls of the same asset and expiration date but at a higher strike price.
  351. Bear Call Spread: A bearish options strategy that involves buying call options at a specific strike price while also selling the same number of calls of the same asset and expiration date but at a higher strike price.
  352. Bull Put Spread: A bullish options strategy that involves selling put options at a specific strike price while also buying the same number of puts on the same asset and expiration date but at a lower strike price.
  353. Bear Put Spread: A bearish options strategy that involves selling put options at a specific strike price while also buying the same number of puts on the same asset and expiration date but at a lower strike price.
  354. Straddle: An options strategy that involves buying both a call and a put option for the same asset with the same expiration date and strike price.
  355. Strangle: An options strategy that involves buying both a call and a put option for the same asset with the same expiration date but with different strike prices.
  356. Butterfly Spread: An options strategy that involves combining bull and bear spreads with different strike prices.
  357. Iron Condor: An options strategy that involves combining a bear call spread and a bull put spread.
  358. Index Option: An option whose underlying security is an index rather than a single asset.
  359. American Option: An option that can be exercised at any time prior to its expiration date.
  360. European Option: An option that can only be exercised on its expiration date.
  361. At-the-Money (ATM) Option: An option where the strike price is equal to the current market price of the underlying security.
  362. In-the-Money (ITM) Option: An option that would lead to a positive cash flow to the holder if it were exercised immediately.
  363. Out-of-the-Money (OTM) Option: An option that would lead to a negative cash flow to the holder if it were exercised immediately.
  364. VIX Options: Options that are based on the CBOE Volatility Index (VIX), which measures the market’s expectation of 30-day volatility.
  365. Put-Call Ratio: A ratio that shows the relationship between the number of put options traded versus the number of call options traded.
  366. Risk Reversal: An options strategy that seeks to hedge the risk of an underlying asset’s position by using options.
  367. Covered Call ETF: An exchange-traded fund (ETF) that employs a covered call strategy.
  368. Leveraged ETF: An exchange-traded fund (ETF) that aims to amplify the returns of an underlying index.
  369. Inverse ETF: An exchange-traded fund (ETF) that aims to deliver the opposite returns of its underlying index.
  370. Bond ETF: An exchange-traded fund (ETF) that invests in fixed-income securities.
  371. Commodity ETF: An exchange-traded fund (ETF) that invests in commodities, such as precious metals or agricultural products.
  372. Real Estate ETF: An exchange-traded fund (ETF) that invests in real estate securities, such as real estate investment trusts (REITs).
  373. Sector ETF: An exchange-traded fund (ETF) that invests in a specific sector of the economy.
  374. International ETF: An exchange-traded fund (ETF) that invests in securities from foreign countries.
  375. Market Timing: An investment or trading strategy that seeks to capitalize on predicted future price movements based on technical or fundamental analysis.
  376. Market Trend: The general direction in which a market or asset is moving.
  377. Bull Market: A financial market characterized by rising asset prices.
  378. Bear Market: A financial market characterized by falling asset prices.
  379. Sideways Market: A financial market that is moving within a narrow range.
  380. Dead Cat Bounce: A temporary recovery in the price of a declining stock.
  381. Golden Cross: A bullish technical indicator that occurs when a short-term moving average crosses above a long-term moving average.
  382. Death Cross: A bearish technical indicator that occurs when a short-term moving average crosses below a long-term moving average.
  383. Market Volatility: The degree of variation of a trading price series over time.
  384. Market Liquidity: The degree to which an asset or security can be bought or sold without affecting its price.
  385. Market Depth: The ability of a security to absorb buy and sell orders without the price dramatically moving.
  386. Market Capitalization: The total value of a company’s outstanding shares of stock.
  387. Market Order: An order to buy or sell a security at the best available price.
  388. Limit Order: An order to buy or sell a security at a specified price or better.
  389. Stop Order: An order to buy or sell a security once the price reaches a certain level.
  390. Fill or Kill (FOK): An order that must be executed immediately in its entirety or not at all.
  391. Immediate or Cancel (IOC): An order that must be executed immediately in part or in its entirety; any portion not filled immediately is canceled.
  392. Good ‘Til Canceled (GTC): An order to buy or sell a security that remains active until it is either executed or canceled.
  393. Day Order: An order to buy or sell a security that automatically expires if not executed on the day the order was placed.
  394. All or None (AON): An order that must be executed in its entirety or not at all.
  395. Bid Price: The price at which a buyer is willing to buy a security.
  396. Ask Price: The price at which a seller is willing to sell a security.
  397. Spread: The difference between the bid price and the ask price.
  398. Volume: The number of shares or contracts traded in a security or an entire market during a given period of time.
  399. Volatility: The degree of variation of a trading price series over time.
  400. Liquidity: The degree to which an asset or security can be bought or sold without affecting its price.
  401. Trading Session: A period of time during which trading takes place.
  402. Extended Hours Trading: The buying and selling of securities outside of regular trading hours.
  403. Pre-Market Trading: The buying and selling of securities before the regular trading hours of major exchanges.
  404. After-Hours Trading: The buying and selling of securities after the regular trading hours of major exchanges.
  405. Over-the-Counter (OTC) Market: A decentralized market where securities are traded directly between parties.
  406. Exchange-Traded Fund (ETF): A type of investment fund and exchange-traded product.
  407. Index Fund: A type of mutual fund with a portfolio constructed to match or track the components of a market index.
  408. Mutual Fund: A professionally managed investment fund that pools money from many investors to purchase securities.
  409. Closed-End Fund: A type of investment fund that raises a fixed amount of capital through an initial public offering (IPO) and then lists shares for trade on a stock exchange.
  410. Hedge Fund: An investment fund that pools capital from accredited individuals or institutional investors.
  411. Derivative: A financial contract whose value is derived from the performance of an underlying entity.
  412. Futures Contract: A standardized legal agreement to buy or sell something at a predetermined price at a specified time in the future.
  413. Forward Contract: A customized contract between two parties to buy or sell an asset at a specified price on a future date.
  414. Options Contract: A financial derivative that represents a contract sold by one party to another.
  415. Swaps: A financial derivative contract where two parties agree to exchange cash flows or other financial instruments.
  416. Call Option: A financial contract that gives the buyer the right, but not the obligation, to purchase an asset at a predetermined price within a specified period.
  417. Put Option: A financial contract that gives the buyer the right, but not the obligation, to sell an asset at a predetermined price within a specified period.
  418. In-the-Money (ITM) Option: An option that would lead to a positive cash flow to the holder if it were exercised immediately.
  419. Out-of-the-Money (OTM) Option: An option that would lead to a negative cash flow to the holder if it were exercised immediately.
  420. At-the-Money (ATM) Option: An option where the strike price is equal to the current market price of the underlying security.
  421. ATM (Automated Teller Machine): An electronic banking outlet that allows customers to complete basic transactions without the aid of a branch representative or teller.
  422. ACH (Automated Clearing House): A network for electronic financial transactions in the United States.
  423. SWIFT (Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication): A messaging network that financial institutions use to securely transmit information and instructions through a standardized system of codes.
  424. Wire Transfer: An electronic transfer of funds across a network administered by hundreds of banks and transfer service agencies around the world.
  425. Direct Deposit: A payment method whereby an employer electronically transfers an employee’s pay directly into the recipient’s bank account.
  426. Overdraft: A deficit in a bank account caused by drawing more money than the account holds.
  427. NSF (Non-Sufficient Funds): A term used in the banking industry to indicate that a demand for payment cannot be honored because insufficient funds are available in the account on which the instrument was drawn.
  428. Account Statement: A periodic summary of account activity within an accounting period.
  429. Bank Reconciliation: The process of matching and comparing figures from accounting records against those presented on a bank statement.
  430. Debit Card: A payment card that deducts money directly from a consumer’s checking account when it is used.
  431. Credit Card: A payment card issued to users to enable the cardholder to pay a merchant for goods and services based on the cardholder’s promise to the card issuer to pay them for the amounts plus the other agreed charges.
  432. Charge Card: A card that requires the cardholder to pay for charges in full upon receipt of the statement, as opposed to a credit card, which allows the cardholder to carry a balance.
  433. EMV (Europay, Mastercard, and Visa): A global standard for credit and debit payment cards based on chip card technology.
  434. PIN (Personal Identification Number): A numeric or alphanumeric password used in the process of authenticating a user accessing a system.
  435. CVV (Card Verification Value): A security feature for “card not present” payment card transactions.
  436. Routing Number: A nine-digit numeric code printed on the bottom of checks that is used to identify the financial institution on which it was drawn.
  437. ABA Number (American Bankers Association Number): A nine-digit code assigned to banks in the United States.
  438. IBAN (International Bank Account Number): An international system used to identify bank accounts across national borders to facilitate the communication and processing of cross-border transactions with a reduced risk of transcription errors.
  439. BIC (Bank Identifier Code): A standard format code used to uniquely identify financial and non-financial institutions.
  440. FDIC (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation): A United States government corporation providing deposit insurance to depositors in U.S. commercial banks and savings institutions.
  441. SIPC (Securities Investor Protection Corporation): A non-profit corporation that protects investors from losses caused by the failure of a brokerage firm.
  442. CD (Certificate of Deposit): A time deposit offered by banks, thrift institutions, and credit unions.
  443. Savings Account: An interest-bearing deposit account held at a bank or another financial institution.
  444. Checking Account: A transactional deposit account held at a financial institution that allows deposits and withdrawals.
  445. Money Market Account: A type of savings account that typically offers a higher interest rate in exchange for maintaining a higher balance.
  446. IRA (Individual Retirement Account): A type of retirement account that provides tax advantages for retirement savings in the United States.
  447. 401(k): A retirement savings plan sponsored by an employer that allows employees to save and invest a piece of their paycheck before taxes are taken out.
  448. 529 Plan: A tax-advantaged savings plan designed to encourage saving for future education costs.
  449. HELOC (Home Equity Line of Credit): A line of credit secured by the equity in a borrower’s home.
  450. Mortgage: A loan used to purchase real estate in which the property serves as collateral.
  451. Amortization: The process of paying off a debt with a fixed repayment schedule in regular installments over time.
  452. Principal: The amount of money loaned or invested, excluding any interest or dividends.
  453. Interest: The cost of borrowing money, typically expressed as an annual percentage rate (APR).
  454. APR (Annual Percentage Rate): The annual rate charged for borrowing or earned through an investment, expressed as a percentage that represents the actual yearly cost of funds over the term of a loan.
  455. Compound Interest: Interest calculated on the initial principal and also on the accumulated interest of previous periods.
  456. Simple Interest: Interest calculated only on the initial principal, without including any accumulated interest from previous periods.
  457. Foreclosure: The legal process by which a lender attempts to recover the amount owed on a defaulted loan by taking ownership of and selling the mortgaged property.
  458. Bankruptcy: A legal process through which people or other entities who cannot repay debts to creditors may seek relief from some or all of their debts.
  459. Credit Score: A numerical expression based on a level analysis of a person’s credit files to represent the creditworthiness of an individual.
  460. Credit Report: A detailed report of an individual’s credit history.
  461. Credit Bureau: An agency that collects and maintains individual credit information and sells it to creditors for a fee.
  462. Credit Freeze: A security measure that restricts access to a borrower’s credit report.
  463. Credit Monitoring: A service that monitors a consumer’s credit reports for signs of potential fraud.
  464. Credit Card Fraud: The unauthorized use of a credit or debit card to fraudulently obtain money or property.
  465. Identity Theft: The fraudulent acquisition and use of a person’s private identifying information, usually for financial gain.
  466. Phishing: The fraudulent attempt to obtain sensitive information such as usernames, passwords, and credit card details by disguising oneself as a trustworthy entity.
  467. Money Laundering: The illegal process of making large amounts of money generated by a criminal activity, such as drug trafficking or terrorist funding, appear to have come from a legitimate source.
  468. KYC (Know Your Customer): The process of a business verifying the identity of its clients and assessing their suitability, along with the potential risks of illegal intentions.
  469. AML (Anti-Money Laundering): A set of procedures, laws, and regulations designed to stop the practice of generating income through illegal actions.
  470. OFAC (Office of Foreign Assets Control): A financial intelligence and enforcement agency of the U.S. Treasury Department.
  471. CFT (Combating the Financing of Terrorism): Measures to stop the financing of terrorism.
  472. Patriot Act: A U.S. law that was designed to deter and punish terrorist acts in the United States and around the world.
  473. Dodd-Frank Act: A law that reformed financial regulation in response to the financial crisis of 2007–2008.
  474. Basel Accords: A set of banking regulations developed by the Basel Committee on Bank Supervision to enhance the stability of the international financial system.
  475. Glass-Steagall Act: A law that prohibited commercial banks from engaging in the investment business.
  476. Market Maker: A firm that provides liquidity to a market by quoting both buy and sell prices for a security.
  477. High-Frequency Trading (HFT): A type of trading that uses powerful computer algorithms to transact a large number of orders at extremely high speeds.
  478. Dark Pool: A private forum for trading securities that are not accessible by the investing public.
  479. Penny Stock: A common stock valued at less than one dollar and thus highly speculative.
  480. Blue Chip Stock: The stock of a well-established, financially stable, and large-cap company.
  481. Growth Stock: A stock expected to grow at an above-average rate compared to other companies in the market.
  482. Value Stock: A stock that is perceived to be undervalued by the market and is trading at a lower price than its fundamentals suggest.
  483. Income Stock: A stock that pays a consistent dividend to its shareholders.
  484. Dividend: A payment made by a corporation to its shareholders, usually as a distribution of profits.
  485. Dividend Yield: A financial ratio that shows how much a company pays out in dividends each year relative to its stock price.
  486. Stock Split: A corporate action in which a company divides its existing shares into multiple shares to boost the liquidity of the shares.
  487. Reverse Stock Split: A corporate action in which a company reduces the number of its outstanding shares to increase the price per share.
  488. Stock Buyback: The repurchase of outstanding shares by a company to reduce the number of shares available on the open market.
  489. Initial Public Offering (IPO): The first time that the stock of a private company is offered to the public.
  490. Secondary Offering: The sale of new or closely held shares by a company that has already made an initial public offering (IPO).
  491. Stock Exchange: A marketplace where securities, such as stocks and bonds, are bought and sold.
  492. NYSE (New York Stock Exchange): The largest stock exchange in the world by market capitalization.
  493. NASDAQ: A global electronic marketplace for buying and selling securities.
  494. FTSE (Financial Times Stock Exchange): An index that measures the performance of the 100 companies listed on the London Stock Exchange with the highest market capitalization.
  495. DAX (Deutscher Aktienindex): A blue-chip stock market index consisting of the 30 major German companies trading on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange.
  496. Nikkei Index: A stock market index for the Tokyo Stock Exchange.
  497. S&P 500 (Standard & Poor’s 500): A stock market index that measures the stock performance of 500 large companies listed on stock exchanges in the United States.
  498. Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA): A stock market index that measures the stock performance of 30 large companies listed on stock exchanges in the United States.
  499. Russell 2000 Index: A stock market index that measures the performance of 2,000 small-cap companies in the United States.
  500. Bear Market: A financial market characterized by falling asset prices.
  501. Bull Market: A financial market characterized by rising asset prices.
  502. Market Correction: A reverse movement of at least 10% in a stock, bond, commodity, or index to adjust for an overvaluation.
  503. Market Crash: A sudden and steep decline in stock prices across a significant cross-section of a stock market.
  504. Black Monday: A global stock market crash that occurred on October 19, 1987.
  505. Black Tuesday: The fourth and last day of the stock market crash of 1929.
  506. Black Thursday: The beginning of the stock market crash of 1929.
  507. Financial Crisis: A situation in which the value of financial institutions or assets drops rapidly.
  508. Subprime Mortgage Crisis: A financial crisis characterized by a sharp increase in mortgage delinquencies and foreclosures, leading to a decline in mortgage-backed securities.
  509. Great Recession: A period of economic decline during the late 2000s.
  510. Quantitative Easing: A monetary policy in which a central bank purchases government securities or other securities from the market to lower interest rates and increase the money supply.
  511. Taper Tantrum: A surge in U.S. Treasury yields that began in May 2013 when the Federal Reserve signaled that it might reduce its quantitative easing program.
  512. Flash Crash: A sudden, deep, and rapid drop in stock prices.
  513. Circuit Breaker: A mechanism to halt trading on stock markets in an attempt to prevent stock prices from falling too far too fast.
  514. Volatility Index (VIX): A popular measure of the stock market’s expectation of volatility implied by S&P 500 index options.
  515. TED Spread: The difference between the interest rates on interbank loans and on short-term U.S. government debt.
  516. LIBOR (London Interbank Offered Rate): The benchmark interest rate at which major global banks lend to one another in the international interbank market for short-term loans.
  517. Repo Rate (Repurchase Agreement Rate): The rate at which the central bank of a country lends money to commercial banks.
  518. FOMC (Federal Open Market Committee): A committee within the Federal Reserve System that is responsible for implementing monetary policy in the United States.
  519. Federal Funds Rate: The interest rate at which depository institutions lend reserve balances to other depository institutions overnight.
  520. Discount Rate: The interest rate charged to commercial banks and other depository institutions for loans from a country’s central bank.
  521. Quantitative Easing (QE): A monetary policy in which a central bank purchases government securities or other securities from the market to lower interest rates and increase the money supply.
  522. Inflation: The rate at which the general level of prices for goods and services is rising.
  523. Deflation: A decrease in the general price level of goods and services.
  524. Stagflation: A situation in which the inflation rate is high, the economic growth rate slows, and unemployment remains steadily high.
  525. Hyperinflation: Extremely high and typically accelerating inflation.
  526. Recession: A significant decline in economic activity spread across the economy, lasting more than a few months.
  527. Depression: A severe and prolonged downturn in economic activity.
  528. GDP (Gross Domestic Product): The total value of goods produced and services provided in a country during one year.
  529. GDP Growth Rate: The percentage increase in GDP from one period to the next.
  530. GNP (Gross National Product): The total value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a particular year, plus income earned by its citizens abroad, minus income earned by foreigners from domestic production.
  531. GNI (Gross National Income): The total domestic and foreign output claimed by residents of a country.
  532. GDP Per Capita: The total GDP of a country divided by its population.
  533. Trade Balance: The difference between a country’s exports and its imports.
  534. Trade Deficit: A negative balance of trade, in which a country’s imports exceed its exports.
  535. Trade Surplus: A positive balance of trade, in which a country’s exports exceed its imports.
  536. Current Account: The sum of the balance of trade (exports minus imports of goods and services), net factor income (such as interest and dividends) and net transfer payments (such as foreign aid).
  537. Capital Account: A national account that records transactions of financial assets.
  538. Balance of Payments: A record of all transactions made between one particular country and all other countries during a specified period of time.
  539. Foreign Exchange Market (Forex): A global decentralized or over-the-counter market for the trading of currencies.
  540. Currency Pair: The quotation of two different currencies, with the value of one currency being quoted against the other.
  541. Base Currency: The first currency quoted in a currency pair on forex.
  542. Quote Currency: The second currency quoted in a currency pair on forex.
  543. Bid Price: The price at which a trader is willing to buy a currency pair.
  544. Ask Price: The price at which a trader is willing to sell a currency pair.
  545. Spread: The difference between the bid price and the ask price in a currency pair.
  546. Pip (Percentage in Point): The smallest price move that a given exchange rate can make.
  547. Currency Futures: A standardized foreign exchange derivative contract traded on a recognized stock exchange to buy or sell a fixed amount of a foreign currency at a predetermined price at a specified future date.
  548. Currency Option: A financial contract that gives the holder the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell a currency at a specified exchange rate during a specified period of time.
  549. Currency Swap: A foreign exchange derivative between two institutions to exchange the principal and/or interest payments of a loan in one currency for equivalent amounts in another currency.
  550. Carry Trade: A trading strategy that involves borrowing in a currency with a low-interest rate and using the funds to invest in a currency with a higher interest rate.